[s]Goal: 100,000 New Goal: 200,000[/s] New Goal: 250.000

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http://imgur.com/gallery/UnPbT8Q

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http://imgur.com/gallery/ASwcrJ5

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http://imgur.com/gallery/FA9EN

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aldehydes and ketones are carbonyls

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primary/secondary/tertiary means the class of a molecule

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ketones have dipole-dipole forces

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reaction conditions:

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Addition:

Hydrogenation: Dissolve alkene/alkyne in a non-polar solution and add a hot Ni/Pt/Pd catalyst

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Halogenation: X2 present

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Hydrohalogenation: No water present

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Hydration: Water in the form of steam with a strong acid catalyst

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Substitution reactions:

 

Halogenation: UV light

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Hydrolosis: Haloalkanes react with hydroxide ions to from alcohols and a halogen salt

Edited August 5, 2013 by Smiley73

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This occurs with warm aqueous hydroxide ions

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http://www.reddit.com/r/AskReddit/comments/1jqimz/what_is_the_biggest_risk_youve_taken_in_life_that/

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Alcohols can react with Hydrogen halides to form halogens

 

alcohols --> haloalkanes

 

this is called halogenation

 

the opposite of hydrolysis

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Tertiary alchols react with HX at room temp.

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primary and secondary need concentrated H2SO4 and are treated with a sodium salt

 

The sodium then goes on the HSO4, the OH that comes off the alcohol bonds with an H from the sulphuric acid and the X goes from the Sodium salt to the organic molecule

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Cracking takes long alkane chains and breaks them into smaller alkanes and alkenes (esp. ethene) - this needs heat and/or catalyst

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Dehydration: alcohols --> alkene

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heat with excess H2SO4/H3PO4

 

or pass gases over hot Al2O3 powder

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Dehydrogenation:

 

Alkane --> Alkene

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Dehalogenation: Haloalkane --> alkene

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Dehydrohalogenation: Haloalkanes --> Alkenes

 

A reflux with concentrated NaOH/KOH in ethanol